Making Tax Digital Explained: How It Works and What You Need to Know

Making Tax Digital (MTD) is a government initiative designed to modernise the UK tax system by moving it into a fully digital framework. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) has made clear its intention to transform the way individuals, landlords, and businesses report their tax affairs. Instead of relying on traditional self-assessment tax returns and manual paperwork, the system now requires taxpayers to keep digital records and use MTD-compatible software to submit quarterly updates.


The primary goal of MTD is to reduce errors, simplify the process of paying tax, and improve overall efficiency. For many taxpayers, this means getting comfortable with digital tools, accounting software, and online submissions. It also means adopting a mindset where tax administration is no longer a once-a-year activity but rather a continuous process of record keeping throughout the relevant tax year.


The Purpose Behind Making Tax Digital

The government’s rationale for Making Tax Digital is straightforward: to make the tax system more accurate, transparent, and user-friendly. Each year, billions of pounds are lost due to mistakes in self-assessment tax returns, whether through miscalculations, missing income sources, or incomplete records. By requiring electronic records and digital submissions, HMRC hopes to:


  • Reduce tax gaps caused by human error.
  • Provide taxpayers with an up-to-date income tax position throughout the year.
  • Streamline communication through electronic channels
  • Encourage businesses and individuals to adopt modern digital tools


Ultimately, the move to a digital tax system benefits both HMRC and taxpayers, giving everyone more confidence in the accuracy of tax affairs.


Who Needs to Comply with Making Tax Digital?

VAT Registered Businesses

Initially, MTD applied to VAT-registered businesses with taxable turnover above the VAT threshold. Since April 2022, it has become compulsory for all VAT-registered businesses, regardless of turnover, to comply with digital VAT returns.


Self-Employed Individuals and Sole Traders

Self-employed individuals earning above the MTD threshold in business income will need to maintain digital records and submit quarterly updates through MTD-compatible software.


Property Businesses and Landlords

Property income also falls within the scope of MTD. Landlords with gross income exceeding the qualifying income threshold must transition to MTD for income tax.


Understanding the MTD Threshold and Qualifying Income

The threshold for MTD for income tax is currently set at £50,000 in gross income per relevant tax year. Qualifying income includes:


  • Profits from self-employment
  • Gross property income from UK or overseas properties
  • Income from trade or property business


Taxpayers with qualifying income below the threshold are not yet required to comply but can voluntarily join the pilot scheme.


How Making Tax Digital Works in Practice

Digital Record Keeping

Taxpayers must keep records in electronic form, storing details of business income and expenses using approved accounting software. Handwritten ledgers are no longer acceptable.


Compatible Software and Digital Links

MTD compatible software must be used to keep, update, and submit tax information. HMRC requires digital links to ensure data flows seamlessly between systems without manual re-entry.


Quarterly Updates and Period Statements

Every calendar quarter, taxpayers must submit quarterly updates showing income and expenses. These updates provide HMRC with a real-time view of a taxpayer’s income tax position, reducing surprises at year’s end.


Income Tax and Self Assessment Under MTD

Self-Assessment Tax Returns vs Digital Submissions

Under the current system, taxpayers file a self-assessment tax return once a year. Under MTD, quarterly submissions replace this approach. A final declaration at year’s end confirms accuracy and replaces the old self-assessment tax return.


Calculating Tax Liability and Payments

Quarterly updates help taxpayers estimate their self-assessment tax bill in advance. This allows better planning of tax payments and avoids last-minute shocks.


MTD for Income Tax: Step-by-Step Process

  1. Register for MTD – inform HMRC of your obligation.
  2. Choose MTD Software – select an HMRC-recognised package.
  3. Keep Electronic Records – record income and expenses digitally.
  4. Submit Quarterly Updates – provide income and expenditure every 3 months.
  5. Check Your Income Tax Position – monitor your tax liability throughout the year.
  6. Final Declaration – submit a period statement at the end of the tax year confirming total income.


VAT Returns and the Transition to Digital Filing

MTD started with VAT, requiring digital VAT returns to be filed via approved software. Businesses must now ensure VAT returns are submitted through a digital system and supported by digital links. Bridging software is available for businesses using spreadsheets.


Corporation Tax and Future Expansion of MTD

Although corporation tax is not yet included, HMRC has signalled that it will eventually extend MTD to limited companies. This will bring all business income into the same digital system.


Software Choices: MTD Compatible Packages and Bridging Software

Benefits of Using Accounting Software

  • Automates record keeping
  • Provides real-time tax liability updates
  • Simplifies quarterly submissions
  • Improves compliance with HMRC rules


Ensuring Reliable Internet Access

A reliable internet connection is essential for submitting quarterly updates, especially for small businesses in rural areas.


Penalties and Compliance Rules

Penalty Point System and Late Submission

MTD introduces a points-based system for late submissions. Each missed quarterly update adds a penalty point, and penalties apply once a threshold is reached.


HM Revenue and Electronic Communication

All communication with HMRC will move towards electronic methods, reducing delays associated with postal correspondence.


Special Cases in Making Tax Digital

Religious Societies and Exemptions

Some religious societies and digitally excluded individuals may apply for exemptions from MTD.


Businesses with More Than One Agent

HMRC allows multiple agents to access digital tax accounts, provided software packages support this function.


Testing Phase, Pilot Scheme and Rollout Timeline

HMRC continues to test MTD through pilot schemes before fully enforcing the rules. Businesses can join voluntarily to trial the system before they are legally required.


Advantages of Moving to a Digital Tax System

Efficiency and Reduced Errors

Digital tools minimise the risk of human error in calculations and record-keeping.


Better Tax Affairs Management

Taxpayers can monitor their income tax position more frequently, helping them manage finances more effectively.


Transparency with HMRC

Quarterly updates ensure HMRC always has accurate data, improving transparency.


Challenges and Concerns with MTD

Small Businesses and Turnover Thresholds

Some small businesses worry about the cost of MTD software and whether they meet the turnover threshold.


Record Keeping and Digital Literacy

For those unfamiliar with digital recordkeeping, the transition may require additional training or external support.


Practical Steps to Get Started with Making Tax Digital

Choosing the Right MTD Software

Research HMRC’s list of approved software packages and select one that fits your business income and property business needs.


Setting Up Digital Record Keeping

Begin recording income, expenses, and tax affairs digitally, ensuring compliance with electronic record-keeping rules.


Preparing for Quarterly Submissions

Organise your accounting calendar around quarterly submissions to avoid late submission penalties.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

  • What is the current threshold for MTD for Income Tax?

    The threshold is £50,000 in gross income from trade or property business.

  • Do landlords need to comply with MTD rules?

    Yes, landlords with property income above the MTD threshold must comply.

  • What counts as qualifying income under MTD?

    Qualifying income includes self-employment profits and gross property income.

  • Can more than one agent access a digital tax account?

    Yes, HMRC allows multiple agents, provided the software supports it.

  • How do penalty points work under the new rules?

    Each late submission earns a penalty point. Reaching the penalty threshold results in fines.

  • What software packages are recognised by HMRC?

    HMRC provides an official list of recognised MTD software packages on its website.

Conclusion

Making Tax Digital explained: how it works and what you need to know is essential for anyone with a qualifying income. The shift from paper records and annual self-assessment tax returns to digital record keeping, quarterly submissions, and electronic communications is a significant change. Yet, it brings efficiency, accuracy, and clarity to tax affairs.


Whether you’re a sole trader, landlord, or VAT-registered business, now is the time to prepare for MTD. Choosing the right software and understanding your tax liability throughout the tax year will keep you compliant and penalty-free.


At 10CA, we specialise in guiding businesses and individuals through the MTD transition. From selecting the best MTD compatible software to ensuring smooth quarterly submissions, we provide the expertise you need to stay compliant with HMRC’s digital tax system. Contact 10CA today to simplify your tax affairs and embrace the new digital system with confidence.


Disclaimer

This article is for general information only and does not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice. While we aim to ensure accuracy, HMRC rules may change. Always seek professional guidance or consult HMRC for advice specific to your circumstances. 10CA accepts no liability for any loss arising from reliance on this content.

Are your finances at risk of cyber-attack? Planning for the worst

By Charlie Flockhart • October 5, 2026
According to the latest Hiscox Cyber Readiness Report, almost two in five small businesses in the UK suffered a successful cyber-attack in the last year, with each attack costing an average of £26,650. Globally, cyber incidents cause around 32 hours of operational disruption a year on average. Cyber-attacks are no longer exceptional events, being viewed more as recurring costs, so businesses must prepare themselves financially for the impact. How should you prepare your finances in advance of a cyber-attack? A cyber-attack is slowly and sadly becoming a reality for many SME owners across the UK. To prepare, business owners should assess the potential financial risk a cyber-attack poses and forecast cash flow to ensure their business can survive one. It could also be beneficial to value your data assets to estimate the worth of any lost revenue and recovery expenses. Business owners may also want to keep offline playbooks. These are secure, printed offline copies of critical financial contacts, account numbers and recovery protocols to ensure that your business has key information in the event of a cyber-attack. Additionally, your business should establish strict double-check procedures for unusual payment requests or changes to supplier details to prevent business email compromise. You should also factor cyber insurance premiums into your operational risk management to ensure that you are prepared for any eventuality. What should you do to get your finances back in check after a cyber-attack? Should the worst-case scenario happen, once you are back on track, the first thing you should do is speak with your accountant. Your accountant will help you to calculate the exact monetary value of damaged assets, lost revenue and stolen money so that you know exactly where your business stands. They will then review your financial data and your tax records to establish a baseline for recovery and determine if the business can continue or if restructuring is necessary. Accountants can also help during complex cyber insurance claims by submitting the required evidence to ensure fair financial assessments of the business interruption costs. Once you have received any insurance payments, an accountant can advise on the tax implications.  How can we help? Cyber-attacks are becoming more prevalent for businesses up and down the UK. That is why it is imperative that you receive advice on how you can best prepare your finances in a worst-case scenario. Our team of accountants can help you to prepare your business for a cyber-attack and in the event of a cyber-attack, we can help you pick up the financial pieces. Get in touch with our team for support with preparing your business for a cyber-attack.

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By Charlie Flockhart • October 5, 2026
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Medium-sized companies may qualify for audit exemption

By Charlie Flockhart • October 5, 2026
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